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History

According to an article Fahrenheit wrote in 1724,[6] he based his scale on two reference points of temperature.[7] The zero point is determined by placing the thermometer in brine: he used a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride, a salt. This is a frigorific mixture which automatically stabilizes its temperature at 0 °F. (A mixture of ice and water also stabilizes, either freezing or melting at 32 °F though Fahrenheit did not use this point in defining his temperature scale). The second point, 100 degrees, was the level of the liquid in the thermometer when held in the mouth or under the armpit of his wife. Fahrenheit noted that, using this scale, water boils at about 210 degrees.[7]

Later, work by other scientists observed that water boils about 180 degrees higher than the freezing point and decided to redefine the degree slightly to make it exactly 180 degrees higher.[6] It is for this reason that normal human body temperature is 98.6 on the revised scale (whereas it was 100 on Fahrenheit’s original scale).[8]

According to a letter Fahrenheit wrote to his friend Herman Boerhaave,[9] his scale was built on the work of Ole Rømer, whom he had met earlier. In Rømer’s scale, the two fixed reference points are that brine also freezes at 0 degrees and water boils at 60 degrees. He observed that, on this scale, water freezes at 7.5 degrees. Fahrenheit multiplied each value by four in order to eliminate fractions and increase the granularity of the scale (resulting in 30 and 240 degrees, respectively). He then re-calibrated his scale between the freezing point of water and normal human body temperature (which he observed to be 96 degrees); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times (since 64 is 2 to the sixth power).[10]

[edit]Usage

The Fahrenheit scale was the primary temperature standard for climatic, industrial and medical purposes in some English-speaking countries until the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Fahrenheit scale was replaced by the Celsius (known until 1948 as centigrade) scale in most of these countries as part of a standardization called metrication.

The Fahrenheit scale is still used in the United States, , Palau, Jamaica as a secondary scale[citation needed] Belize,[4] and Liberia[11] for everyday applications. For example, U.S. weather forecasts, food cooking, and freezing temperatures are typically given in degrees Fahrenheit. It may be noted, however, that scientists in these countries commonly use Celsius or Kelvin.

Various reasons are given for the resistance to the Celsius system in the U.S., including the larger size of each degree Celsius (resulting in the need for decimals where integer Fahrenheit degrees were adequate for much technical work). For example, 68 °F, 69 °F, and 70 °F correspond to 20 °C, 20.6 °C, and 21.1 °C, respectively. Another reason is the lower zero point in the Fahrenheit system which reduces the number of negative signs when measurements such as weather data were averaged.[12] Nonetheless, most countries which formerly used the Fahrenheit system (of which New Zealand and Australia are examples) have switched entirely to the Celsius system.[13]

In some countries, both systems are fairly prominent[weasel words], if not used equally.[citation needed] In the United Kingdom and Canada, Celsius is mainly used in the news, weather forecasts, books, magazines and daily conversations, but many outdoor thermometers display temperatures in both Fahrenheit and Celsius. Likewise, indoor thermometers, including both digital and analogue, may be in Fahrenheit, Celsius or both. Due to its physical proximity to the United States, and the continuing dominance of Imperial measurements in Canadian kitchens, home appliances used in Canada usually employ the Fahrenheit scale.

[edit]

History
According to an article Fahrenheit wrote in 1724,[6] he based his scale on two reference points of temperature.[7] The zero point is determined by placing the thermometer in brine: he used a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride, a salt. This is a frigorific mixture which automatically stabilizes its temperature at 0 °F. (A mixture of ice and water also stabilizes, either freezing or melting at 32 °F though Fahrenheit did not use this point in defining his temperature scale). The second point, 100 degrees, was the level of the liquid in the thermometer when held in the mouth or under the armpit of his wife. Fahrenheit noted that, using this scale, water boils at about 210 degrees.[7]Later, work by other scientists observed that water boils about 180 degrees higher than the freezing point and decided to redefine the degree slightly to make it exactly 180 degrees higher.[6] It is for this reason that normal human body temperature is 98.6 on the revised scale (whereas it was 100 on Fahrenheit’s original scale).[8]According to a letter Fahrenheit wrote to his friend Herman Boerhaave,[9] his scale was built on the work of Ole Rømer, whom he had met earlier. In Rømer’s scale, the two fixed reference points are that brine also freezes at 0 degrees and water boils at 60 degrees. He observed that, on this scale, water freezes at 7.5 degrees. Fahrenheit multiplied each value by four in order to eliminate fractions and increase the granularity of the scale (resulting in 30 and 240 degrees, respectively). He then re-calibrated his scale between the freezing point of water and normal human body temperature (which he observed to be 96 degrees); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times (since 64 is 2 to the sixth power).[10][edit]Usage
The Fahrenheit scale was the primary temperature standard for climatic, industrial and medical purposes in some English-speaking countries until the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Fahrenheit scale was replaced by the Celsius (known until 1948 as centigrade) scale in most of these countries as part of a standardization called metrication.The Fahrenheit scale is still used in the United States, , Palau, Jamaica as a secondary scale[citation needed] Belize,[4] and Liberia[11] for everyday applications. For example, U.S. weather forecasts, food cooking, and freezing temperatures are typically given in degrees Fahrenheit. It may be noted, however, that scientists in these countries commonly use Celsius or Kelvin.Various reasons are given for the resistance to the Celsius system in the U.S., including the larger size of each degree Celsius (resulting in the need for decimals where integer Fahrenheit degrees were adequate for much technical work). For example, 68 °F, 69 °F, and 70 °F correspond to 20 °C, 20.6 °C, and 21.1 °C, respectively. Another reason is the lower zero point in the Fahrenheit system which reduces the number of negative signs when measurements such as weather data were averaged.[12] Nonetheless, most countries which formerly used the Fahrenheit system (of which New Zealand and Australia are examples) have switched entirely to the Celsius system.[13]In some countries, both systems are fairly prominent[weasel words], if not used equally.[citation needed] In the United Kingdom and Canada, Celsius is mainly used in the news, weather forecasts, books, magazines and daily conversations, but many outdoor thermometers display temperatures in both Fahrenheit and Celsius. Likewise, indoor thermometers, including both digital and analogue, may be in Fahrenheit, Celsius or both. Due to its physical proximity to the United States, and the continuing dominance of Imperial measurements in Canadian kitchens, home appliances used in Canada usually employ the Fahrenheit scale.[edit]

Um olhar sobre a indústria do poker

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